Effects of Armed Conflicts on Women Free Essays

string(79) NGOs continually strived to cause to notice their sufferings (Jack, 2003). Outfitted clash has consistently been an inalienable quality of the world we live in. The reasons for struggle can be diverse extending from endeavors to increase monetary, political or regional bit of leeway to social factors, for example, religion and ethnicity. Outfitted clashes can likewise be fluctuated in nature with entomb, intra and even non state warriors battling against one another. We will compose a custom paper test on Impacts of Armed Conflicts on Women or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The unpredictability and size of furnished clashes have expanded by and large with the development of non-state fear based oppressor and hired soldier bunches that comes up short on the peculiarity of customary state armed forces battling against one another. The outcomes have been decimating for an expanding number of the number of inhabitants on the planet who are influenced by such furnished clashes. These incorporate the warriors as well as regular people who become involved with the battling in one manner or the other. Actually non military personnel losses have been on the ascent and climbing â€Å"dramatically from 5 percent when the new century rolled over, to 15 percent during World War I, to 65 percent before the finish of World War II, to more than 75 percent in the wars of the 1990s. † (UN Report, 2001) An extremely cliché see with respect to furnished clashes is that the men face the conflicts while the ladies bolster them by dealing with the home front. Men are seen as the warriors who endure causalities while ladies need to assume out the customary jobs of spouses, moms and parental figures and are in this manner nearly unaffected by war. Byrne (1996) anyway holds that despite the fact that it is generally men who straightforwardly take on and kick the bucket in conflicts, it is ladies who comprise a lion's share of the regular citizen losses of war. Byrne proceeds to include that the idea of ladies staying securely at home while the men battle the war at the front, and the separation among ‘conflict’ and ‘safe’ zones in equipped clash are basically legends that don't consider the down to earth circumstance. Besides, the way that a developing number of ladies are additionally taking an interest in outfitted clashes the world over as dynamic soldiers and not just as inactive help suppliers adds another measurement with the impacts of furnished clashes on ladies. The Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and the job of Women in Peace-Building (2001) charged by the United Nations Development Funds for Women picked ‘During Armed Conflict Women’s Bodies Become a Battleground’ as the title of the initial section of its report. This represents the degree of savagery against ladies because of furnished clashes. Regular folks have become the essential focuses in new fear strategies that have developed in furnished clashes. In any case, it is ladies who endure most. Men and young men just as ladies and young ladies are the survivors of this focusing on, however ladies, substantially more than men, endure sex based viciousness. Their bodies become a battleground over which contradicting powers battle. † (Rehn Sirleaf, 2001) The United Nations characterizes brutality against ladies as â€Å"any demonstration of sex based savagery that outcomes in, or is probably going to bring about p hysical, sexual or mental mischief or enduring to ladies, including dangers of such acts, intimidation or self-assertive hardship of freedom, in the case of happening in broad daylight or in private. † (Machel, 2000) It involves grave worry that ladies are really exposed to each possible demonstration of savagery and then some, that can fall under the domain of the definition. In addition to the fact that women face conventional savagery, for example, torment, executing, detainment and constrained work under states of war, however they likewise endure sexual orientation explicit brutality that strike at the very center of their reality. They are snatched and assaulted, utilized as sexual slaves, compelled to cook, clean, convey water and stacks and do other local tasks; and even utilized as human shields or put to hazardous endeavors such clearing minefields. There are various models. Rehn Sirleaf (2001) reports that â€Å"94% percent of uprooted family units studied in Sierra Leone had encountered rapes, including assault, torment and sexual slavery†¦ at any rate 250,000 †maybe upwards of 500,000 †ladies were assaulted during the 1994 annihilation in Rwanda. † This anyway is just a hint of something larger. The sufferings of ladies in outfitted clashes never appear to end. They are constrained by the conditions to offer sex to endure, they are exploited explicitly even by individuals who should support them, lastly, they need to confront reproach on account of those extremely precious ones for whom they make all the penances. Such is their predicament. The Reason Why The foundations of the brutality that ladies endure over the span of furnished clashes are anyway opined to lie somewhere else. Brutality is supposed to be propagated on ladies not exclusively on account of the states of war but since of an immediate connection with viciousness in the life of ladies in any event, during harmony time (Rehn Sirleaf 2001). The connection between the sexes is dictated by the degree of access to or appropriation of intensity. Men are in more control of assets and force than ladies. Since ladies don't have authority over force and assets they as a sex are typically not the reason behind wars. Notwithstanding that they endure in view of their characteristic force and control position opposite men. Once more, the more prominent accentuation by countries on expanding their military quality outcomes in a weakening of the privileges of ladies worsening the imbalances in sexual orientation relations. In a presentation of unadulterated fraud be that as it may, many outfitted clashes are legitimized on the grounds of reestablishing or keeping up sex fairness. This was obviously the situation in the American intrusion of Afghanistan particle 2001 when freedom of ladies from the over the top system of the Talibans was refered to as an explanation despite the fact that there was not really any worry for the predicament of similar ladies during the five years preceding the attack in any event, when neighborhood and universal NGOs continually strived to cause to notice their sufferings (Jack, 2003). You read Impacts of Armed Conflicts on Women in class Papers It is exceptionally obvious that â€Å"although whole networks endure the results of outfitted clash and psychological warfare, ladies and young ladies are especially influenced in light of their status in the public arena and their sex. † (Beijing Declaration, 1996). The impact of war on ladies relies generally upon their gendered job that characterizes their limitations and openings in the public arena. Ladies become progressively helpless war abominations when they are seen as representative bearers of the pride and respect of a network. In such cases ladies are explicitly focused as a method of gouging the very quintessence of he rival network. In districts where ladies are considered to speak to the social and ethnic character of networks as the maker of people in the future, any ambush honest turns into an attack on the spirit and respect of the whole network. Under such conditions open assault and torment of ladies is considered to have genuine discouraging consequences for adversary networks. The victors or occupation powers resort to sexual misuse of ladies due to such hidden war techniques combined with intrinsic sexual desires. However the equivalent emblematic job of ladies can be a reason for danger or assault even from their own locale for not adjusting to the job somehow or another or the other in antagonistic conditions, for example, not wearing a shroud or wandering into prohibited zones as has been the situation in the Islamic world. Outfitted clash is in this way like a twofold edged blade for ladies. Cultural standards likewise power ladies to manage monstrosities. The remarks of a specialist working with Save the Children Fund, in an ICRC/TVE film (2000) outline the point: In specific towns circumscribing strife little youngsters have conceded that outfitted men come in around evening time †these young ladies are utilized as sex laborers †they are not permitted to dissent †they are not permitted to bolt their entryways and the entire network endures this on the grounds that these furnished men ensure the network †so it is an exchange off. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  When sexual brutality is utilized as a methods for fighting or when ladies are pressurized to endure youngsters as a methods for flexibly of future officers, ladies become a truly powerless sex to the savagery of furnished clash. In struggle zones, for example, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, sexual brutality was utilized as a methods for ‘ethnic cleansing’. The Serbian police and paramilitary powers utilized assault to rebuff ladies having a place with the Kosovo Liberation Army (Human Rights Watch, 2000). Various Wars, Different Stages, Different Roles The various types of equipped fighting, their various stages and the various jobs that ladies play in these contentions all effectsly affect ladies. Current furnished clashes are battled between foes that are altogether different from the customary state armed forces. Fear based oppressor gatherings and non-state players give furnished clashes another measurement in the cutting edge world. The issue with such warriors is that they don't hold fast to global laws administering fighting and have no second thoughts in enjoying viciousness and outrages that would fall in the class of war violations. The Geneva Conventions and its conventions discover no takers in them. They are not directed by any power and are guided either by their own distorted inner voices or by over the top belief systems. Subsequently ladies become progressively defenseless a wide range of savagery from such components in equipped clash. Equipped clashes as a rule go through various stages viz. the pre-struggle stage or approach the contention, the contention itself, the phase of compromise or the harmony procedure and the post conf

Eye Contact Free Essays

A large portion of us would not promptly imagine that eye to eye connection had anything to do with language, or a person’s culture. While looking into a subject for this paper I went over an article on social contrasts that contained an area about eye to eye connection. I saw it as extremely telling, concerning the explanations behind either the absence of, or the purposes behind eye to eye connection. We will compose a custom article test on Eye to eye connection or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now The article of reference is â€Å"Cultural Differences? Or on the other hand, Are we actually that extraordinary? † ( Gregorio Billikoph). This article examines the distinctions in societies, or the various manners by which these societies identify with others, and how a few words or articulations may not sound good to another culture. One case of this is utilizing the expression â€Å"thank you†. In the U. S. , we thank everybody for pretty much all that we do, yet in the Chinese culture, for instance, will possibly thank somebody if the assignment being preformed is something significant. In spite of the fact that this article addresses an assortment of social contrasts, I considered eye to eye connection extremely fascinating. In this article the essayist, who is of Hispanic cause, discusses his own solid requirement for eye to eye connection. He clarifies that his significant other has come to understand that when he is conversing with her, she needs to stop what she is doing and look at him, or he will quit talking until she does. He proceeds to state that poor eye to eye connection is â€Å"partially because of modesty or how purpose an individual looks about others† (pg 5). As I expressed first and foremost, eye to eye connection may not appear to be a piece of our language. On this I would need to deviate, since I think without eye to eye connection, correspondence is exceptionally troublesome. Think about this; you are having a discussion with somebody who communicates in English just as a subsequent language, and has some trouble with certain expressions. While conversing with this individual, the individual in question is looking anyplace however at you, do you think this individual completely comprehends what you are stating, or would they say they are feeling humiliated on the grounds that they are experiencing issues getting you? On the off chance that you and this individual were talking and keeping in touch, you would have the option to see by your companion’s articulations whether you were being comprehended. There are obviously different explanations behind absence of eye to eye connection. Some may feel that they are second rate compared to you, or they might be modest or pulled back. I have been in circumstances where eye to eye connection made me truly awkward. For me, there are those whose eye to eye connection is so serious, I am compelled to turn away for a piece since it causes me to feel disregarded, similar to they are looking excessively profound into me. At that point there are those occasions when conversing with a man, where I feel they are attempting to stand out for me to them for various reasons I am not intrigued by. I accept that eye to eye connection is significant, however I can't help thinking that circumstances are different around there somewhat. Why? Again it boils down to how your eye to eye connection is seen. I have been in circumstances when conversing with somebody of the other gender, and their better half or sweetheart gets the possibility that I am keen on their man due to eye to eye connection. I likewise had the issue with my ex. He didn't care for me conversing with other men period, since he felt that my eye to eye connection with them implied that I was keen on them. It is extremely hard to keep away from all eye to eye connection when conversing with others, so I was consistently awkward conversing with men when within the sight of my ex. I imagine that with regards to eye to eye connection in any culture. Or on the other hand when managing anybody all in all, we should know about how that eye to eye connection will be seen by others. We as a whole need to instruct ourselves however much as could be expected, with respect to social contrasts so as to help maintain a strategic distance from a portion of the negative impacts our activities could cause. The most effective method to refer to Eye Contact, Essay models

Cognitive vs. Emotional Empathy

Cognitive vs. Emotional Empathy Theories Social Psychology Print Cognitive vs. Emotional Empathy By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 05, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 19, 2019 More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Why Empathy Matters Cognitive Empathy Emotional Empathy Is Empathy Genetic? Imbalance The Challenge Finding Balance View All Back To Top Remember the last time you were with a loved one who was feeling sad or hopeless? Maybe it was after a divorce after they received a life-altering diagnosis, or after the loss of a close loved one. Their tears create a response with us. We feel moved to want to comfort them somehow. When you sat with them during these times, it was likely that you felt a bit sad. We generally think of empathy as the capacity to place ourselves in another persons shoes, trying to gain a better understanding of their experience. Did you know that researchers have identified a few different forms of empathy? Two primary forms of empathy that have been identified and researched are cognitive empathy and emotional empathy (also known as effective empathy). Although they are quite different, both are equally important for helping us form and maintain connections with others. Verywell / Kelly Miller     Why Empathy Matters Empathy helps connect people, moving them toward each other in a helping and/or healing capacity. As Stephen Covey (acclaimed author and leadership expert) stated, When you show deep empathy toward others, their defense energy goes down and positive energy replaces it. Thats when you can get more creative in solving problems. As we live our lives at work and at home, we are continually interacting and balancing relationship dynamics. When we lack empathy, we are unable to develop and nurture those interpersonal connections, leading to strained relationships, broken trust, loss of relationships, and isolation. It becomes more difficult to repair conflicts, work collaboratively, or solve problems when we dont practice empathy. Our society relies on empathy to facilitate connections and forward movement. When the empathy piece is missing, we become more disconnected and less effective in our productivity and innovation of new ideas. Practicing empathy is important in a variety of relationship dynamics, such as those among: FamiliesSiblingsMarriagesDating RelationshipsFriendshipsCoworkersColleaguesBusiness partnersCommunity groups Two different kinds of empathy (cognitive and emotional) reveal the ways we are able to relate to a friend or family member in crisis. There are distinct differences between the two types of empathy. Cognitive Empathy Taking another persons perspective Imagining what its like in another persons shoes Understanding someones feelings Emotional Empathy Sharing an emotional experience Feeling distress in response to someones pain Feeling a willingness to help someone Cognitive Empathy When we practice cognitive empathy, we are practicing taking the perspective of another person. In essence, we are imagining what it might be like to actually be this person in their situation. Cognitive empathy is also referred to as perspective-taking, which lends itself to the idea of putting ourselves in someone elses shoes. With cognitive empathy, we are trying to tap into the idea of placing ourselves in someone elses situation and gaining a better understanding of his/her experience. In moments when someone we care about is hurting, it can be easy for us to maintain a distance from it because we can see the big picture. For example, if a friend doesnt get a job she interviewed for, you can most likely see her disappointment. However, you may also recognize that she is talented and will likely find a great job soon. On the other hand, when we are practicing cognitive empathy, we can meet people where they are and understand why they would be feeling sad or disappointed after not getting the job. We practice imagining what it might be like to be them at that moment, looking at the situation or circumstance from their perspective. Emotional Empathy Imagine sitting close to a loved one, such as your child, sibling, or close friend as he begins to cry. What he is experiencing likely has an impact on us, doesnt it? We might begin to feel sad as well. When we experience emotional empathy, we are moving from the cognitive perspective-taking into a shared emotional experience. Social psychology researchers Hodges and Davis describe emotional empathy in three parts: feeling the same emotion as the other personfeeling our own distress in response to their painfeeling compassion toward the other person They note that there is a positive correlation between emotional empathy and the willingness to help others. In other words, it is more likely that someone who finds it easy to practice emotional empathy will be moved to help that person in need as well. It might be easy to see the benefit of emotional empathy in the overall health and enjoyment of our most important relationships. Is Empathy Genetic? Research has found that the ability to practice empathy is influenced by genetics. In fact, it is consistently shown that women are more likely to pick up on emotional cues and more accurately discern emotions than men. In a research study conducted with the genetic testing and analysis company 23andMe, there was a specific genetic variant identified as related to our capacity to empathize, near the gene LRRN1 on chromosome 3, which is a highly active part of the brain called the striatum. It is suggested that activity in this part of the brain is connected with our ability to feel empathy. Although there is more research to be done, these findings are helping scientists discover more about the connections between genetic influence on the development and ability to feel empathy. Nature vs. Nurture Even though genetics have been found to influence our capacity for feeling empathy, there is much to say about our social learning experiences as well. You may have already heard the phrase nature vs. nurture. This phrase references a long-standing debate among researchers, arguing what they believe to have a greater influence on our behaviors, traits, and conditions. Some researchers suggest that genetics are the primary influence, while others believe that our environment and social interactions can help us develop things like empathy. Social Learning The social learning theory, developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, combines elements of cognitive learning theory and behavioral learning theory. It is suggested that people can increase their capacity for empathy through modeling and experiencing empathy from others. When a child has not had anyone give their emotional experiences any attention, time, or value, it is understandable how the child might likely continue to experience the world and relationships without this important skill of knowing how to empathize with others. The child would have missed out on things like: being able to observe someone practicing empathy to know what it looks likethe feeling of having someone empathize when they are in needhaving someone teach them the value of emotionslearning how to build meaningful connections with people Empathy helps to close an emotional gap between people, creating a connection and a shared experience. When we dont know what a shared emotional experience feels like with someone, it can be difficult to know how to do that with others. The inability to empathize can lead to trouble at work, in relationships, within families, and within society. Imbalance Too Much Empathy As beneficial and valuable as the skill of empathy is, it is suggested that too much empathy can be detrimental to ones emotional well-being, their health, and their relationships. Emotional empathy is a building block of connection between people. The shared emotional experience prompts us to move closer to someone, to comfort them, and to offer reassurance and help. However, emotional empathy means that our bodies are responding to the emotions we are experiencing while in the presence of the other person and their emotional experience. When there is a balanced practice of emotional empathy, we are able to allow space for sharing an emotional experience with another person while not letting our own emotional responses get in the way. When our vicarious emotional arousal becomes too great, it can get in the way of us being compassionate and empathizing. Feeling emotionally dysregulated can become overwhelming to us and result in us feeling burnt out and, ultimately, leave us not wanting to practice empathy because it feels too painful to be with someone else in their pain. Our ability to practice emotional empathy becomes a threat to our own well-being when it results in feelings of isolation, being misunderstood, and feeling inauthentic. Not Enough Empathy There are some people who are better with practicing cognitive empathy, yet who have a difficult time tapping into emotional empathy, as these two types of empathy are working from completely different systems of processing. This is the difference between cognitive processing and perspective-taking compared to emotional processing. When there is an imbalance of empathyâ€"leaning too heavily on cognitive empathy and not enough on emotional empathyâ€"our connections with people could feel strained. Although the person you are trying to help or comfort may sense that you have an understanding of her situation, which can certainly feel helpful, it may leave her with the impression that she is a bit misunderstood, unseen, or unheard. The important part of having a shared emotional experience with that person in the moment is missing when there is too much cognitive empathy and not enough emotional empathy being practiced. The following is a simple example of what this might look like: Example 1: Cognitive Empathy Loved One: My grandmother just died and we were really close. (Starts to cry.)Person Using Cognitive Empathy: Im sorry, I know you are sad. She is in a better place, though, dont you think? Example 2: Emotional Empathy Loved One: My grandmother just died and we were really close. (Starts to cry.)Person Using Emotional Empathy: Im sorry to hear about your grandmother. I know you miss her so much. Im here with you. (May become tearful or express sadness.) Within this very simplistic illustration, we can get a sense of what it might feel like for the other person if we stopped with cognitive empathy and dont bring in the emotional empathy piece to the interaction. The person receives the condolences for her grandmother passing away and knows you are trying to provide comfort; however, with example 1, there is no opportunity for the person to have a shared emotional experience with you. The shared emotional experience can feel quite comforting and healing to someone in need. The Challenge Practicing both cognitive and emotional empathy is challenging. It is believed that both can be learned with intentional and consistent practice. The unique challenge with emotional empathy is that in practicing, we are likely going to have to be vulnerable and in touch with our own emotional responses. The ability to regulate our own emotional distress will be key, but it is something that can be very difficult for people to do because of things such as: how we were raisedhow people treated us when we had emotional needswhat people around us taught us about emotionmessages we received about the value of emotionsfear of becoming overwhelmedfear of getting stuck in emotions with another person Finding Balance Cognitive and emotional empathy are wonderful partners and can be a fantastic pair when practiced with balance. The ability to take someones perspective and understand what it might be like to be him or her (cognitive empathy), as well as the ability to meet someone where he or she is emotionally and have a shared emotional experience (emotional empathy), can be a game-changer for most any relationship dynamic. When people feel seen, heard, and understood, using both cognitive and emotional empathy, we can do great things together. This empathetic balance helps allow for things like: CollaborationProblem SolvingCreativityEvaluationNegotiationIdentifying needsMeeting needsFeeling safeEmotional connectionTrust What You Can Do Do you want to improve your relationships with coworkers, your family members, friends, or your spouse? Practicing the balance of cognitive and emotional empathy can certainly help. Even if you feel you never learned how to empathize with others, or never had an experience of anyone empathizing with you, remember that skills of empathy can be learned. There are many things we can do to begin practicing empathy in our homes, our workplaces, and in our communities. Put Aside Your Own Viewpoints We often dont realize how much our experiences and own beliefs are influencing how we perceive people and situations. Slowing ourselves down a bit to put those things aside can help us focus on the person in front of us and help us tune in better to what is happening for him or her. Use Your Imagination As people share with you, try to imagine what it is like to be them. Use the images they are sharing, their emotions, or their circumstances and try to place yourself there, just to see what it might feel like to be them in these moments. Actively Listen Many times we try to listen to people while already developing our response or defense to what they are saying. Not only are we not able to hear what they are saying, but we often miss key pieces of information that can help us better understand what they are trying to convey. Give yourself permission to turn down the volume on your own voice and turn up the volume on the other persons voice. Be Curious It can be helpful to come from a place of curiosity about someone as they are sharing with you. As you ask them questions about their experiences, you are letting them know you are actively listening and that you want to understand. This helps people feel seen and heard and its a nice way to practice empathy. Dont Feel the Need to Fix When we are around someone in need, especially when they are experiencing challenging emotions, it can be easy for us to want to jump in and fix it. We dont like to see people hurting and we often to want to make them laugh, cheer them up, and help them look on the bright side. Even though you are trying to be helpful, this can leave people feeling unseen and unheard. Just offer space for people to share and remember that you are not responsible for fixing them. Benefits of Empathy

The Jaunt - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 673 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Psychology Essay #1 – Senses The average human being lives through each and every day using the five sources of sensation, whether or not it’s done consciously or unconsciously. These sources, known as the five senses- sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell- help in the process of taking in information about our environment. These senses, all very important, give us valuable data- what is out there in the environment, how much there is, and what it’s doing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Jaunt" essay for you Create order To give up or lose one of these senses would be awful, as each of the senses gives us different input, but I would say the two I find the most important are touch and sight. The sense of touch plays â€Å"an important role in keeping us standing upright, moving straight ahead and literally out of hot water† (Benjamin B. Lahey, 2009). Reading â€Å"Are We Led by the Nose? † by Terence Monmaney, I came to understand the dangers of being unable to smell, which I never really thought about, such as being unable to smell the smoke from the fire that was in David Griffin’s apartment, not being able to â€Å"detect leaking gas† or being â€Å"poisoned by spoiled food† (Terrence Monmaney, 1987). The dangers from being unable to touch/feel can be just as or even more perilous than other dangers from losses of other senses. Being able to touch and feel allows us to feel pain, which is perceived through pain receptors. These pain receptors send signals to our brains that we must discontinue the actions that are hurting our bodies. Along with allowing us to depict pain, the sense of touch also allows us to feel something very important to me as a human: the warmth and comfort of others. The sense of touch can also overcome disadvantages of losing other senses. The use of Braille allows the blind to see, the use of sign language allows the deaf to listen, and the use of putting fingers to another’s lips to understand what he/she was saying (what Helen Keller did after treatment) allows the blind deaf to communicate. Losing the other senses would be horrible (except taste, for â€Å"at least three quarters of the flavors in food and drink are not tastes but aromas† (Terence Monmaney, 1987)), but I believe that you would lose the most from being unable to feel. Considering that the sense of touch is the most valued among the five to me, I would say that touch would also be the most important. Another sense that I am appreciative of is sight. Much of our sensory information comes through our eyes; therefore I would be most shocked due to the huge loss of information. Being an athlete, the use of my eyes is absolutely crucial and necessary. The majority of my hobbies, sports, would be ruined for me personally, as I would never be able to play basketball, soccer, or football ever again. I also wouldn’t be able to succeed or excel in my academics for some time. Our eyes also give us capabilities that we barely think about. A male college student, I take a priority in dressing nice, which has to do with a lot of matching colors. â€Å"Color is the experience that results from the processing of light energy by the eye and nervous system† (Benjamin B. Lahey, 2009). Without the use of cones in our eyes, I wouldn’t be able to tell colors apart, therefore wearing all kinds of horrible outfits. I would believe that losing the sense of sight would be the most tragic because of the advantages we get for having sight. The five senses all give us so much information that we need in everyday life; we should be grateful of having the abilities to sense. According to me, among the most important of these five would be the sense of touch and sight, but one must remember that the other senses are just as important- opinions on which are more valued just depend on the situations and what is appreciated more.

Tundra Land Biome Description and Characteristics

Biomes are the worlds major habitats. These habitats are identified by the vegetation and animals that populate them. The location of each biome is determined by the regional climate. The tundra biome is characterized by extremely cold temperatures and treeless, frozen landscapes. There are two types of tundra, the arctic tundra and the alpine tundra. Key Takeaways: Tundra Biome The two types of tundra, arctic and alpine, have distinct differencesArctic tundra regions are located between coniferous forests and the north pole, while alpine tundra regions can be anywhere in the worlds high elevationsArctic tundra vegetation is mostly limited due to a number of inhospitable conditions.Tropical alpine tundra vegetation consists of a variety of short shrubs, grasses, ​and perennialsAnimals that live in tundra regions are uniquely suited to endure the harsh conditions Tundra The arctic tundra is located between the north pole and the coniferous forests or taiga region. It is characterized by extremely cold temperatures and land that remains frozen year-round. Arctic tundra occurs in frigid mountaintop regions at very high elevations. Alpine tundra can be found in high elevations anywhere in the world, even in tropic regions. Although the land is not frozen year-round as in arctic tundra regions, these lands are typically covered in snow for most of the year. This image shows permafrost melting in the arctic region of Svalbard, Norway. Jeff Vanuga/Corbis/Getty Images Climate The arctic tundra is located in the extreme northern hemisphere around the north pole. This area experiences low amounts of precipitation and extremely cold temperatures for most of the year. The arctic tundra typically receives less than 10 inches of precipitation per year (mostly in the form of snow) with temperatures averaging below minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit in winter. In summer, the sun remains in the sky during the day and night. Summer temperatures average between 35-55 degrees Fahrenheit. The alpine tundra biome is also a cold climate region with temperatures averaging below freezing at night. This area receives more precipitation throughout the year than the arctic tundra. The average annual precipitation is around 20 inches. Most of this precipitation is in the form of snow. The alpine tundra is also a very windy area. Strong winds blow at speeds exceeding 100 miles per hour. Location Some locations of arctic and alpine tundra include: Arctic Tundra North America - Northern Alaska, Canada, GreenlandNorthern Europe - ScandinaviaNorthern Asia - Siberia Alpine Tundra North America - Alaska, Canada, U.S.A., and MexicoNorthern Europe - Finland, Norway, Russia, and SwedenAsia - Southern Asia (Himalayan Mountains), and Japan (Mt. Fuji)Africa - Mt. KilimanjaroSouth America - Andes Mountains Vegetation Alaska Cottongrass. NCTC Image Library/USFWSÂ   Due to dry conditions, poor soil quality, extremely cold temperatures, and permafrost, vegetation in arctic tundra regions is limited. Arctic tundra plants must adapt to the cold, dark conditions of the tundra as the sun does not rise during the winter months. These plants experience brief periods of growth in the summer when temperatures are warm enough for vegetation to grow. The vegetation consists of short shrubs and grasses. The frozen ground prevents plants with deep roots, like trees, from growing. Tropical alpine tundra areas are treeless plains located on mountains at extremely high altitudes. Unlike in the arctic tundra, the sun remains in the sky for about the same amount of time throughout the year. This enables the vegetation to grow at an almost constant rate. The vegetation consists of short shrubs, grasses, ​and rosette perennials. Examples of tundra vegetation include: lichens, mosses, sedges, perennial forbs, rosette, and dwarfed shrubs. Wildlife A moose in the tundra. Chase Dekker Wild-Life Images/Moment/Getty Images Animals of the arctic and alpine tundra biomes must adapt to cold and harsh conditions. Large mammals of the arctic, like musk ox and caribou, are heavily insulated against the cold and migrate to warmer areas in the winter. Smaller mammals, like the arctic ground squirrel, survive by burrowing and hibernating during the winter. Other arctic tundra animals include snowy owls, reindeer, polar bears, white foxes, lemmings, arctic hares, wolverines, caribou, migrating birds, mosquitoes, and black flies. Animals in the alpine tundra migrate to lower elevations in winter to escape the cold and find food. Animals here include marmots, mountain goats, bighorn sheep, elk, grizzly bears, springtails, beetles, grasshoppers, and butterflies.

Greenhouse Horizons And The Future Of Global Warming

Beyond the Horizon Global warming is a matter of great concern that is unfortunately quite often overlooked in light of other problems that seem to be more immediately demanding. However, for all the attention that this issue does not draw, that is how dire it is growing to be. There are many problems that are causing global warming, and if they are not rectified, or at least prevented from here on out there are going to be some severe ramifications in the near future. Greenhouse gases are chemical compounds that are found in the atmosphere. Their chemical makeup allows energy from the sun to enter the atmosphere freely. When sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, some of it is reflected back towards space as infrared radiation (heat).†¦show more content†¦Even though this data is predated it has provided a basis for understanding and interpretation of how to track glacier movement.This must be resulted with a direct response to make a viable effort of preserving these glaciers. Global climate change is a direct correlation to why our polar oceans are losing large quantities of ice and it must be dealt with. Sea level continues to rise at a rate of just over one-eighth of an inch (3.4 mm) per year, due to a combination of melting glaciers and ice sheets, and thermal expansion of seawater as it warms. The effects of sea level rise due to global warming is on the verge of endangering the many lives living relatively in high-population-density coastal areas.Where sea level plays a role in flooding, shoreline erosion, and hazards from storms. Sea level has risen from two main reasons glaciers and ice sheets. Caused by the melting and adding water to the ocean and the volume of the ocean is expanding as the water warms. A third, much smaller contributor to sea level rise is a decline in water storage on land. 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From human entered industrialRead MoreShould Humans Have Change The Outcome Of Global Warming?918 Words   |  4 Pageshumans have to change the outcome of global warming by looking at what the primary causes are and what options are available by reviewing current research in the field of geology. This will be done over the subject of the gases, which contribute to global warming, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and methane. During the 1950’s scientists began creating models of climate on earth and how it works on the full scale. As time passed it became increasingly clear that global warming could be an issue until the 2000’sRead MoreCrisis On The Horizon : Global Warming1736 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Horizon The subject of global warming and how the human race has contributed to the increase in its effects has been widely debated over the past few decades. 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Some people feel guilty and concerned; some simply do not care. Different po ints of view yield different stances on the subject. Coming from the scientific and environmental points of view, myrmecologist Edward O. Wilson discusses the severity of global warming, some of the threads of thought that oppose his own, and some of the consequencesRead MoreNatural Resources And Its Effects On Our Earth Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of natural resources is a global issue that affects everyone and others might not have realized it till now. And everyone has contributed in a way, a negative way, and not just a country but the entire globe. The constant use of natural resources and substances do help us in the modern world today but it does have negative effects that come along with it. Because the use/ need of natural substances have skyrocketed in the past couple of years, the consequences are making a negative impactRead MoreGlobal Warming Will Damage The Wildlife And Environment1492 Words   |  6 PagesSince the industrial revolution, greenhouse gas em issions, namely carbon dioxide, have been on the rise. Greenhouse gases are generally created when fossil fuels are burned. Many daily activities require burning fossil fuels—warming houses, driving cars, and using electricity. As written in Horizons, Canada emits some of the most greenhouse gases globally, and will be especially susceptible given its latitude (Cranny et al. 17). Global warming will damage the wildlife and environment. â€Å"Humans dependRead MoreWe Must Stop Global Warming Now! Essay2240 Words   |  9 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the topic of global warming comes up in conversation many people either groan and avoid conversation, or don their dueling gloves and prepare for a heated debate. Some people feel guilty and concerned; some simply do not care.  Ã‚  Different points of view yield different stances on the subject. Coming from the scientific and environmental points of view, myrmecologist Edward O. Wilson discusses the severity of global warming, some of the threads of thought that oppose his own, andRead MoreIs Modern Human Civilization?1473 Words   |  6 Pagesadvancements must do all they can to ensure they cause no harm to the environment with their work. An engineer engages in a social contract that requests their actions be in the interest of the public – any projects that can cause further harm to the global ecosystem in which we live must be cautiously managed with great attention to detail and an understanding of the importance in maintaining an ethical relationship with the environment and those who inhabit it. In order to better understand how an

Sigmund Freud Vs Eric Erikson management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discus About The Sigmund Freud Vs Eric Erikson Management? Answer: Introduction Sigmund Freud was Austrian neurologist. He was known as the founder of psychoanalysis which is a method to treatment of psychopathology. This method is carried out through conversation with psychoanalyst. Freud believed that human beings are animals and we are born with some biological needs. Social need is those that we have developed over time period but biological need is something that we always had from the beginning of human race He tried to explain how does the unconscious mind work and what are its importance. He tells us that unconscious minds dictate the behaviour of a person at a higher level than we actually believe. Accounting to Freud through psychoanalysis if the unconscious mind can be made conscious then the problem faced by the patient can be resolved. Freud believed that when a child takes birth there is an amount of sexual urge is present within him. Throughout his period of childhood the child derives pleasure from different things. The childhood been divided into five Parts by Freud. He mentioned that the first six years of childhood is very important. He states that between these six years a child goes through three stages, the oral stage, the anal stage and the phallic stage. During these three stages the pleasure centres for child changes, the first being the oral, the second is anal stage and the third is phallic stage. During these stages the centre of pleasure deriving areas revolves between the mouth, anal and the genitals (Capps,2017). He also explained Electra complex, during the childhood phase there is a time when a child finds that what is opposite sex and with the understanding changes the liking towards his or her parents. In case of a boy, he desires to replace his father as the sexual partner and in case of a girl she becomes jealous of her mother and wants to become more close to her father. During this phase the son develops a dislike for his father, thereby wanting her mother more. After this phase comes the phase of latency, it starts at the age of six and continues till puberty. During this phase a child suppress his or her sexual feelings or desire. After this phase when the child become maturity or becomes adolescent, then comes the final stage which is the stage genital. In this stage the child is fully aware about his sexual behaviour and experiences sex consciousness (Rageliene , 2017). Erik Homburger Erikson also known as Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst who was born in Germany. He proposed a theory for psychoanalytic. His theory had 8 stages in which he tried to explain the behaviour and personality development and how a crisis can have positive and negative effect on those. According to him the culture and society play a major role in development of personality of a child. Erikson focused less on the sexual development rather had put more emphasize on how children socialize and how those it affect there sense of self. Eriksons theory had eight stages amongst these eight stages first five goes till the age of eighteen and further three stages comes under adulthood ( Ott , 2017). According to him as a child is born he or she successfully attain all these stage one after another which helps in building up of a healthy personality and behaviour. Failing do so the child personality is unhealthy in nature. He mentioned that these stages can be successfully attained at any time later. The eight stages mentioned by Erikson are as follows; Trust Vs Mistrust This is the first year of the childhood days when a baby is very new to this world. During this time the child is very uncertain about the world and is afraid. During this period the child looks back to his or her primary care taker for proper care. If the child is not taken care during this period properly, in that case the child develops a fear within himself and this effect his personality (Duffy et al., 2017) Autonomy Vs shame and doubt In this phase which is between 18 months to 3 years, during this time the child discovers new abilities and skills when he or she has started learning new things. During this period a child should be given proper encouragement to do his work independently so that the child become more self-sufficient in the future (Erikson et al., 2014)) Initiative Vs Guilt This is the phase where the child learns things rapidly and is very curious about everything. The phase is between 3 to 5 years when a child interact other children and develops his skill of communication. During this period a child should be given an ample chance for interaction which will help to develop his or her personality (Mitchell Black , 2016). Industry Vs Inferiority This phase lies between the ages between 5 to 12 years where his or her friends will play a very important role in development of personality. During this phase a child starts to learn new things and starts to develop new skills. During this period the child should be given economy liberty so that he or she can develop their personality. Identity Vs Role Confusion This phase exist between the age 12 to 18 years. During this period a child is trying to gain a identity for himself where he or she is developing what are their skill and confidence to build up their career and relationship (Malone et al., 2016). Intimacy Vs Isolation During this phase between 18 to 40 years we search for long term relationship with someone other than our familys member (Lickona , 2016). Generativity Vs Stagnation This phase starts from 40 years and exist till 65 during this period a person tries to give back to the society through his effort and maintain a long lasting relationship. (Anderson J W 2017). Ego integrity Vs. Despair After the age of sixty five this phase prevails during this phase we look back to our past and we see the things we have done. As long as we dont feel guilty of our past we tend to live a slow retired life. (Winter ,2016). Conclusion Both Freud and Erikson both agree that unconscious mind plays a very important role in development of ones personality. If an emotional conflict is not resolved in a proper way, in that case it may lead to a further emotional agony which may cause mental disorders. In respect to the development of personality the days of childhood are very important as during these days a child develops his personality and develops crucial personality traits. As we try to understand the difference in approach of the theories we can see that Freud theory is in relation to sex or sexual behaviour of a child whereas Erickson theory is based on the environment References Barry.C., Nelson.L., Davarya.S., Urry. S. July 16, 2017. Religiosity and spirituality during the transition to adulthood, Volume 34, Issue 4, pages: 311-324. Doi: 10.1177/0165025409350964, URL: https://library.macewan.ca/library-search/detailed-view/ehh/51997870?query=peer+review+article+on+psychosocial+development+erikson Capps.D., July 16, 2017. Eriksons life-cycle theory: Religious Dimensions, Volume 10, Issue 2, pages: 120. URL: https://library.macewan.ca/library-search/detailed-view/rfh/ATLA0000942532?query=peer+review+article+on+psychosocial+development+erikson Rageliene.T., July 16, 2017. Links of Adolescents identity development and relationship with peers: A Systematic literature review, Volume 25, Issue 2, pages: 97-105. URL: https://library.macewan.ca/library-search/detailed-view/psyh/2016-25759-006?query=peer+review+article+on+psychosocial+development+erikson Ott.M., July 16, 2017. Examining the development management and sexual behavior of adolescent males, Volume 46, Issue 4, pages: S3-8. URL: https://library.macewan.ca/library-search/detailed-view/psyh/2010-06041-004?query=peer+review+article+on+psychosexual+development Duffy.A., Dawson.D., Das Nair.R., July 16, 2017. Pornography addiction in adults: A systematic review of definitions and reported impact, Volume 13, Issue 5, pages: 760-777. URL: https://library.macewan.ca/library-search/detailed-view/psyh/2016-21381-006?query=peer+review+article+on+psychosexual+development Erikson, E., Freud, S., Jung, C. G., Kohut, H., Francis, A. J. (2014). Elemental Properties. Mitchell, S. A., Black, M. (2016).Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought. Basic Books. Malone, J. C., Liu, S. R., Vaillant, G. E., Rentz, D. M., Waldinger, R. J. (2016). Midlife Eriksonian psychosocial development: Setting the stage for late-life cognitive and emotional health.Developmental psychology,52(3), 496. Lickona, T., Schaps, E., Lewis, C., OShea, W. J., Condly, S., Hackett, J. (2016). Developing the Character of Trusted Army Professionals: A Review of the Relevant Literature. Anderson, J. W. (2017). An interview with Henry A. Murray on his meeting with Sigmund Freud.Psychoanalytic Psychology,34(3), 322. Winter, D. G. (2016). Taming power: Generative historical consciousness.American Psychologist,71(3), 160.

Islamophobia and Its Effects

Thesis statement: Islamophobia has directly affected young Muslims; the negative perceptions that are associated with Islam may lead to self-exclusion and exclusion, with noticeable effects on self esteem and social practices. A lot of efforts were made to control the effects that were triggered by the impact of Islamophobia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islamophobia and Its Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Experts define Islamophobia as fear against, or prejudice or hate towards Islam or Muslims. (islamophobia.org) There has been an increase of the perceived trend of Islamophobia in the 2000s, that been linked to the 9/11 attacks in the USA, while on the other hand some relate it to the rapidly growing Muslim populations in the Western World, due to both immigrations and high fertility rate. A lot of young people are negatively affected by Islamophobia. Young Muslims are directly and high ly affected by it, the facts that lead to many acts of discrimination. It’s quite obvious that negative perceptions associated with Islam may lead to self-exclusion and exclusion, with noticeable effects on self esteem and social practices. Causes of Islamophobia The concerns of Muslim world over the rise of Islamaphobia have become one of the major challenges of today’s world. This phenomenon is voiced very strongly in global and regional politics troubling the relationship between Islam and Western countries. Terrorism has assumed serious proportions and become major cause Muslim stereotyping in the modern world where the role of media is central. Media wars took turned for the worst since the 9/11 terrorists attacks in the US. As a result, Muslims are subjected to different forms of discrimination inciting hatred and unrest in the society. This has been blamed on manipulation and misrepresentation of actual facts by media particularly in the North America, Britain a nd Europe. Media portrayal of Muslims in an offensive and denigrating manner witnessed unsettling changes on both systems making Muslims victims of terror and violence. Media have been delegated the responsibility of shaping public opinion while covering reality at the same time, but in this case, continued attacks by a section of marginal groups by the West has fostered a culture of intolerance and misunderstanding. Media shapes how we see the world, and by choosing negative and frightening names for people in communicating the crisis problem greatly shapes individual’s perception towards the group in question. Mirza (2009) argues that global dominance of Western media is capable of influencing people against Islam and Muslims by using the 9/11 attacks to capitalize its political campaign.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mirza (2009) adds that the media depict Muslim what Mirza (2009) terms as â€Å"fundamentalism†, â€Å"extremism† and â€Å"racialism† (p.1). Media being the central information point represent Muslims as collective victims of terrorisms and a security threat to the Western people hence the reason for their war justification in wars tone countries. While politicization of how media has stereotyped the entire Muslim group, little efforts have been made to respond to new cadre of islamaphobic. Too often, we (viewers and readers) are caught in between engaging in revisionism debate of Islamic religion and the convincing media position of what would otherwise be classified as injustice. Effects of Islam Discrimination, Exclusion and Self-esteem Dekker and Jolander (2009) argue that â€Å"Islam is the most anti-racist and anti- prejudicial way of life† (p.1). Politicisation of Muslim followers as terrorists has brought a very sad reality of hate and violence. It has been argued that discrimination of such groups has become a major problem on the minority in Muslim communities living in foreign countries diminishing the powerful universality of their culture. The development of hostile relationships has been on the rise resulting to increased discrimination and social isolation among Muslims. Muslim youths on the other hand have experienced great social exclusion increasing chances of school dropouts and low performances. The European Monitoring Centre (EUMC) also reported high undesirable outcome of discrimination and violence towards Muslims to be attributed from negative mass media reports. Many of these reports were associated with exclusion, discrimination and violence particularly in schools and in housing sectors. These unfounded hostility on Muslin followers led to one-dimensional interpretation of the Islam as ‘terrorists’ resulting to low school performances, high unemployment rate, low wages, verbal threats and physical aggression (Dekker and Jolander, 2009, p. 3). EUMC Reports European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) reports on the nature of discrimination against Muslim and Islamophobic incidents recorded high rates of discrimination incidents particularly in areas of employment, education and housing which it argues to be linked to Islamaphobic attitudes (Bohner, 2010, p.240). Increased levels of Islamaphobic are represented in areas of poor housing and below average grades particularly in school going youths. In employment sector, EUMC (2004) argues that in Ireland State an increase of 7% in unemployment rates as opposed to the national average of 4 per cent as a result of low income levels. The same reports provided that European immigrants, more particularly Muslims are more likely to drop out of schools or even worse obtain lower qualifications as a result of discrimination.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islamophobia and Its Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In whereas religious education is involved, Imams without formal qualification with little understanding of the local social context invited to teach Muslim immigrants were likely to increase lack of understanding of Muslim religion. While on housing aspect, Muslim followers suffered greater vulnerability and insecurity in their housing status as opposed to other groups. List of incidents described as â€Å"Islamophobic† United Kingdom Since the September 11th attacks on the U.S, extremists groups have targeted Muslim communities in UK by vandalising their places of worship and intimidating their religion. For example, the Kingston Mosque was attacked by throwing bottles of beer and bacons and urinating on mosques following match against Muslim extremism (Commet, 2010, p.1). United States A Muslim cab driver was brutally attacked by a New York resident after professing to the Muslim religion (Siegel, 2010, p.1). Canada At the beginning of May, a group of unknown people attacked a mosque in Canadian City of Hamilton causing severe damages to Muslim schools and buildings which were estimated to have cost 5,000 Canadian dollars (Trend, 2010, p.1). Efforts against Islamophobia and Conclusion EUMC has proposed policies and measures to adequately tackle discrimination and addresses social injustice in areas of discrimination, employment opportunities and education standards that lead to social cohesion. Such strategies include; Implementation of legislation; EUMC proposes for specific measures to promote equality. It argues that formation of groups such as Race Equality Directive and the Employment Equality Directive will ensure minority individuals vulnerable to discrimination are aware of their rights. Recording and policing Islamic incidents. EUMC proposes for recording of racism incidents and encouragement of diversity police training programs. Implementation of social integration to ensure equal opportunities and encourage social cohesion should include Muslim representatives in policy making. Promotion of equal access to education and inclusion of Muslim religion in current curriculum to ensure history of minority groups are accurately represented (EUMC, 2004, p.4). In practical efforts, Luxembourg Ministry of Education incorporated a syllabus on â€Å"Instruction religieuse et morale† which focused on Inter-faith dialogues and explains human values of non-Christian religions. Secondly, the Inter-faith dialogue known as the ‘Islamic Forums’ in the same country aimed at reducing prejudices and fears towards the Muslim community will greatly reduce Islamaphobia incidents. Discussions on racism and Islamophobia in schools should be greatly encouraged to reflect diversity within communities. Encouraging Muslims to engage in Europe public life such as politics and social processes will greatly reduce Islamaphobic incidents. And lastly, media should validate its information to ensure its acc uracy before reporting to the general public.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Bohner, G. (2001). Attitudes. Introduction to social psychology, 3, 239-282. Commet, S. (2010). UK: Mosque attacked by protesters against Muslim extremism.  Retrieved from: http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2010/11/uk-mosque-attacked-by-protesters.html Dekker, H., Jolanda, N. (2009).Islamophobia and its origins: A study among Dutch youth.  International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20 (3), 1-31 EUMC. (2004). Highlights of EUMC report: Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia. Social Science Research, 45, 1-5 Mirza, M. (2009). The Perception of Islam and Muslims in the Media and the Responsibility of European Muslims Towards the Media. Islamic Journal, 1, 1-4 Siegel, E. (December 14, 2010). Muslim cab driver stabbed in New York City Michael Enright arrested on hate crime charge. The Huffington Post, 1,1 Trend. (2010). Unknown persons attacked mosque in Canada. Retrieved from: https://en.trend.az/world/arab/1612283.html This essay on Islamophobia and Its Effects was written and submitted by user Carle1gh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Transcendentalism in American History

Transcendentalism in American History Transcendentalism was an American literary movement that emphasized the importance and equality of the individual. It began in the 1830s in America and was heavily influenced by German philosophers including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Immanuel Kant, along with English writers like  William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.    Transcendentalists espoused four main philosophical points. Simply stated, these were the ideas of:   Self RelianceIndividual ConscienceIntuition Over ReasonUnity of All Things in Nature In other words, individual men and women can be their own authority on knowledge through the use of their own intuition and conscience. There was also a distrust of societal and governmental institutions and their corrupting effects on the individual.   The Transcendentalist Movement was centered in New England and included a number of prominent individuals including Ralph Waldo Emerson, George Ripley, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller. They formed a club called The Transcendental Club, which met to discuss a number of new ideas. In addition, they published a periodical that they called The Dial along with their individual writings. Emerson and The American Scholar Emerson was the unofficial leader of the transcendentalist movement. He gave an address at Cambridge in 1837 called The American Scholar. During the address, he stated that: Americans]  have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. The spirit of the American freeman is already suspected to be timid, imitative, tame....Young men of the fairest promise, who begin life upon our shores, inflated by the mountain winds, shined upon by all the stars of God, find the earth below not in unison with these, - but are hindered from action by the disgust which the principles on which business is managed inspire, and turn drudges, or die of disgust, - some of them suicides. What is the remedy? They did not yet see, and thousands of young men as hopeful now crowding to the barriers for the career, do not yet see, that, if the single man plant himself indomitably on his instincts, and there abide, the huge world will come round to him. Thoreau and Walden Pond Henry David Thoreau decided to practice self-reliance by moving to Walden Pond, on land owned by Emerson, and build his own cabin where he lived for two years. At the end of this time, he published his book, Walden: Or, Life in the Woods. In this, he said, I learned this, at least, by my experiment: that if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours. Transcendentalists and Progressive Reforms Because of the beliefs in self-reliance and individualism, transcendentalists became huge proponents of progressive reforms. They wished to help individuals find their own voices and achieve to their fullest potential. Margaret Fuller, one of the leading transcendentalists, argued for womens rights. She argued that all sexes were and should be treated equally. In addition, they argued for the abolition of slavery. In fact, there was a crossover between womens rights and the abolitionist movement. Other progressive movements that they espoused included the rights of those in prison, help for the poor, and better treatment of those who were in mental institutions. Transcendentalism, Religion, and God As a philosophy, Transcendentalism is deeply rooted in faith and spirituality. Transcendentalists believed in the possibility of personal communication with God leading to an ultimate understanding of reality. Leaders of the movement were influenced by the elements of mysticism found in Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic religions, as well as the American Puritan and Quaker faiths. The transcendentalists equated their belief in a universal reality to the Quakers’ belief in a divine Inner Light as a gift of God’s grace. Transcendentalism was greatly influenced by the doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School during the early 1800s. While Unitarians stressed a rather calm and rational relationship with God, transcendentalists sought a more personal and intense spiritual experience. As expressed by Thoreau, transcendentalists found and communed with God in gentle breezes, dense forests, and other creations of nature. While Transcendentalism never evolved into its own organized religion; many of its followers remained in the Unitarian church. Influences on American Literature and Art Transcendentalism influenced a number of important American writers, who helped create a national literary identity. Three of these men were Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Walt Whitman. In addition, the movement also influenced American artists from the Hudson River School, who focused on the American landscape and the importance of communing with nature.   Updated by Robert Longley

Issue of medicalization, the social construction of difference through Essay

Issue of medicalization, the social construction of difference through science and medicine and power - Essay Example Several differences are medicalized. Due to scientific conquest and development of new knowledge, several aspects of society are affected. With this, what are aspects are medicalized in the first place? The most affected in this case are the cultural beliefs and value systems that are embedded in an individual. Since there is cultural diversity, it is really problematic to impose a certain a cultural ideology towards a certain group of people that have a different cultural grassroots. There should be a thorough understanding of the culture from both sides of the spectrum. However, in the case of Lia, from the work of Anna Fadiman entitled The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, the doctors of Merced Community Medical Center have not taken into consideration the spiritual culture of the Hmong people about childbirth. In her work, there is a quote that deals about the frustration of the parent due to cultural indifference. â€Å"It took all the autonomy of being a parent away, even for folks who have had a lot of medical experience. It would be that much harder if you were from another culture and didn’t understand the purpose of these things.† (Fadiman, 1997) This quote manifests the clear problem about medicalization. Modern medical science and its practitioners have the tendency to bypass the concern of the people they are dealing with since they always exercise their expertise. Even if the concerns are valid for the Hmong people because of their culture, the medical professionals did not comply and understood the necessity of such cultural practices for the Hmong. Cultural Indifference has indeed occurred and has yielded several detrimental effects. On the second level, what seems to be the theoretical framework used by the authors to discuss the issue of medicalization? In the essay entitled Of Gender and Genitals: Use and Abuse of Modern Intersexual from the book Sexing

Napoleon Crossing the Alps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Napoleon Crossing the Alps - Essay Example According to the paper the source of light in the painting is the sun, the universal light and illuminates the foreground even more. The background is not truly dark but the fact that Jacques-Louis David has illustrated the horse and the rider in such a way that dominates the whole painting, which is the whole point. Bright colors and dark shades help achieve this. The effect created by the color and brushstrokes indicate roundness and depth that is evident in the curves of the horse and the folding of the cloak fluttering in the wind.This discussion highlights that the use of colors highlights the leading figure glorifying Bonaparte, depicting his greatness. The oil painting truly captures his greatness. It is as if he is put under the spotlight. Especially when the background is a little blurry which creates the effect of distance, and gives brings horse rider even closer to the viewer. The lines in the painting converge towards the legs of the horse. As a result, the viewer needs to look up towards Bonaparte's face. This illusion creates dominance and power. His war victories and smart tactics have won him several accolades, and this painting is a depiction of his achievements, elegance, and his grace.  Jacques-Louis David had a strange relationship with Bonaparte but by painting such elegant portraits he helped the general in his cause.  The word ‘Hannibal’ in the painting refers to one of the greatest military minds that ever lived.

National Flood Insurance Plan: Efforts in Reducing Flood Los

National Flood Insurance Plan: Efforts in Reducing Flood Los In this report, the City of St. Petersburg has several contingency plans set to reduce the risk of flooding. First and foremost, they advise through a statement of warning. According to the St. Petersburg Florida Code of Ordinance Municode Library (section 16.40.050.1.6, 2017) states that although the Florida Building Code is considered the minimum. The city informs that larger floods are bound to happen and will. The citys ordinance code discusses that flood levels may depend on the intervention and or support of natural -vs- man-made causes. The city places emphasis on flooding outside of the zone areas is not impossible and that it could happen and not to assume that it will not. The designated flood zones are based on Global Information Systems (GIS) maps called Flood Insurance Rate Maps or (FIRM). Their requirements can be found on the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) website. (FEMA), reserves the right to require city regulations to be revised as necessary as discussed in Title 44 Code of Federal Regulations, Sections 59 and 60 (St. Petersburg Florida Code of Ordinance Municode Library, 2017). According to (Adamides et al., 2016) the city code statutes of the City of St. Pete uses what is referred to as a Community Rating System or (CRS). Prior to; July 1st, 2010 NFIP CRS Section 553.73(5) of Florida Statutes are the following a) limitations on use of enclosures below buildings b) limitations on use of nonstructural and no compacted earthen fill c) limitation on installation of manufactured homes in certain flood hazard areas d) requirement to locate buildings at least 10 feet landward of the reach of mean high tide e) submission of operations and maintenance plans for dry flood proofed buildings A broad overview of the scope of the St. Petersburg Florida Code of Ordinance Municode Library states in section 16.40.050.1.2. That provisions of the section including but not limited to subdivision of land; filling, grading, and other site improvements and utility installations; construction, alteration, remodeling, enlargement, improvement, replacement, repair, relocation or demolition of buildings, structures, and facilities that are exempt from the Florida Building Code (St. Petersburg Florida Code of Ordinance Municode Library, 2017). Other methods the City of St. Petersburg educates the populous to help reduce the risk of flooding is by passing out brochures, education of students of all ages and by amending if necessary any city ordinance codes or reform bills. Further education for the citizens of the city is on a detailed web page for the City of St. Petersburg. There is an in-depth overview of flood information including educational videos found on their website. The website resources also allow the community to access maps, contacts, and educational information on Biggert-Waters act and what it is. The City of St. Petersburg also allows access to mitigation strategy plans, the National Flood Insurance Plan or (NFIP) for the city; along with a Community Rating System or (CRS). Other relevant programs in Pinellas County on flood information, Floodplain Management for the city of St. Petersburg and its ordinance can be found on their main website as well as www.fema.gov. As a last measure of prevention, the city also alerts its citizens by the use of a public warning system. (Adamides et al., 2016). In order to enforce the minimum floodplain management regulations, the City of St. Petersburg employs building codes. Section 16.40.050.1.3 of the St. Petersburg Florida Code of Ordinance Municode Library references this. The code states that its purpose is to establish minimum requirements to safeguard the public health, safety, and general welfare of its citizens. It also minimizes public and private losses due to flooding through regulation of development in flood hazard areas (St. Petersburg Florida Code of Ordinance Municode Library, 2017). The St. Petersburg Florida Code of Ordinance Municode Library, states the following: Minimize unnecessary or prolonged disruption of commerce, access, and public service during times of flooding; Require the use of appropriate practices, at the time of initial construction, in order to prevent or minimize future flood damage; Manage filling, grading, dredging, mining, paving, excavation, drilling operations, storage of equipment or materials, and other development which may increase flood damage or erosion potential; Manage the alteration of flood hazard areas, watercourses, and shorelines to minimize the impact of development on the natural and beneficial functions of the floodplain; Minimize damage to public and private facilities and utilities such as water and gas mains, electric, telephone and sewer lines, streets and bridges located in floodplains; Help maintain a stable tax base by providing for the sound use and development of flood hazard areas in such a manner as to minimize future flood blight areas; Minimize the need for future expenditure of public funds for flood control projects and response to and recovery from flood events; Meet the requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program for community participation as set forth in the Title 44 Code of Federal Regulations, section 59.22; Protect human life and health; Minimize the need for rescue and relief efforts associated with flooding and generally undertaken at the expense of the general public; Ensure that property owners are notified yearly the property is in a flood-prone area; Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety, and property due to water or erosion hazards or which result in damaging increases in erosion or in flood heights or velocities; and Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally divert floodwaters or which may increase flood hazards to other lands. So what is flood insurance the Biggert-Waters act? According to Harrington a journalist with the Tampa bay Times, it is a Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012, which removed the subsidies on about 20 percent of policies nationwide for homes that were built prior to 1975 (Harrington, 2016). Harrington writes that Congress after considering the damages that accrued after Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy they needed to make the NFIP meet yearly criteria. Congress found that after the storms the program was more than $23 billion in debt due to claims in those years. Another drawback of the Flood Insurance Reform was that some of its recipients were grandfathered in at low flood insurance rates (Harrington, 2016). Harrington writes that Florida of all the other states was the most affected by the new reforms. In 2014 in hopes of improving the Flood Insurance Reform Act, Congress decided due to the losses to revise the cost of insurance. This act created a 20% hike in insurance rates. In consideration to the homeowners, the new rates would not be in play until 2016 and the homeowners were allowed extra time to prepare for the rates to go up. This ended with renewals beginning April 1st, 2016. Previously mentioned, GIS maps or FIRMS were drawn up to show Floodplain Zones. They were designated with letters such as A, B, C, V, and X. Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs) or high-risk areas are designated with A and V; whereas low-risk zones are everything else. They are known as Non-Special Flood Hazard Areas (NSFHAs) (Harrington, 2016). Harrington notes that more than 50% of Floridas 2 million insurance policies are zones designated in the X area. Collected data over the past decades reflects a great deal on the City of St. Petersburg. The NFIP was able to project a 100-year plan. This plan shows coastal flooding inland as far as 10 miles in some areas where others are only a few (Boland, 2017). According to the significant flood events data on FEMA.gov Superstorm Sandy, on the other hand in October of 2012 paid 131,031 losses in policies with an estimated $8,494,205,096 in damages with an average loss payment of $65,00 Granted Superstorm Sandy minutely affected Florida and the City of St. Petersburg it still did its fair share of damages. Tropical Storm Debbie who sat on the coast of Florida in June of 2012, did do a great deal of damage. One thousand seven hundred and ninety-two policies were affected, with $42,694,074 in total damages paid out. Each with an average amount of payment at $24,000 (Significant Flood Events | FEMA.gov, 2017). It is with this type of data that the City of St. Petersburg is able to compile projections of future disasters. According to the Repetitive Loss Area Analysis, Shore Acres represents a repetitive loss area within St. Petersburg which attribute to over 200 affected flood policies. Shore Acres alone attributed to $13.7 million in losses that were paid out. Before development in 1923 Shore Acres was designated as costal marshlands. It was later developed in the mid-1950s with land varying from 5 to 6 feet above sea-level (Shore Acres Repetitive Loss Area Analysis, 2016). The Repetitive Loss Area Analysis states that Shore Acres along with Belleair Shores and Clearwater Beach attribute to 21.95% of the State of Floridas pay out. The three totaled $67,976,750.33 in damages alone. These high loss areas in Pinellas County are considered Hot Spots for the county and are targeted areas for future mitigation programs (Shore Acres Repetitive Loss Area Analysis, 2016). Bibliography References Cited Adamides, D., Dunn CBO CFM, R., Frey PE, C., Holehouse CPCU, J., Kinsey, L., Seeks, A. et al. (2016). CITY OF ST PETERSBURG NFIP PROGRAM FOR PUBLIC INFORMATION REPORT (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: St. Petersburg City Council. https://www.stpete.org/emergency/flooding/docs/NFIP-CRS%20PPI%202016%20Report.pdf Taylor CFM, N. (2017). Flooding St. Petersburg. Stpete.org. http://www.stpete.org/emergency/flooding/ Significant Flood Events | FEMA.gov. (2017). Fema.gov. https://www.fema.gov/significant-flood-events NFIP Policy Growth Percentage Change. (2017) (1st ed., pp. 1-3). Retrieved from Significant Flood Events | FEMA.gov. (2017). Fema.gov. https://www.fema.gov/significant-flood-events http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/realestate/even-with-shore-acres-st-petersburg-paid-8-times-more-into-flood-insurance/2150628 Shore Acres Repetitive Loss Area Analysis. (2016) (1st ed.). City of St. Petersburg. https://www.stpete.org/emergency/flooding/docs/Shore%20Acres%20RLAA%20-%202016.pdf Boland, C. (2017). FEMA NFIP 100 Year Flood Zones in St. Petersburg. Arcgis.com. https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=489ebde40c834cf8b90a197b5cdc4d56 Harrington, J. (2016). Remember the flood insurance scare of 2013? Its creeping back into Tampa Bay and Florida. Tampa Bay Times. http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/banking/remember-the-flood-insurance-scare-of-2013-its-creeping-back-into-tampa/2288308 Federal Emergency Management Agency, (2013). Analysis of Floridas NFIP Repetitive Loss Properties using geospatial tools and field verification data (pp. 19, 25, and 26). Pinellas County: FEMA. https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1711-25045- 7431/analysis_of_florida_s_nfip_repetitive_loss_properties_using_geospatial_tools_and_field_verrification_data.txt St. Petersburg Florida Code of Ordinance Municode Library. (2017). Municode.com. https://www.municode.com/library/fl/st._petersburg/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIISTPECO_CH16LADERE_S16.40.050FLMA_16.40.050.1.3INPU

Evolution and Darwin Essays -- Fittest Science Religion Competition Es

Evolution and Darwin In a society based on survival of the fittest, adaptation and evolution are the keys to success. If there is a hurdle that a species cannot conquer as it is, it will then do everything it must to overcome it, even if that means change. Throughout time, evolution has helped us to thrive in the toughest of times. The human species is at the top of its class, overthrown by no other, but what happens when a species begins to encounter hurdles within its own society? Can the human species overthrow itself, making a new kind of human? (Bear 195) Did Charles Darwin leave out the last piece of the puzzle? If adaptation and evolution are inevitable when faced with a problem, then the demise of our species as we know it and the birth of a newer, better model is inevitable as well. In Greg Bears, Darwins Radio, our society has become so consumed with competition that evolution is beginning to occur, the only problem is that at a first glance, this adaptation appears to be the outbreak of a viru s, one that will wipe out the entire population. Few McCandless 2 believe in the truth, but with such a small number, can they possibly help the government to see the truth before it wipes out an entire population faster than Mother Nature can create it? Set in a time and place very similar to our own, it is very easy to note the similarities. The values and beliefs and trends in society in this story were so closely related to today that it felt as if I were reading non-fictional material. We pride ourselves on the fact that we live in a free country. We are allowed, encouraged even, to think and believe freely. Some people choose to believe in religion, others in science, and some in both. Many times, those who believe i... ...? Are we as a species really so confident in ourselves that we think there is no way to better our performance against Lifes hurdles? There is always room for improvement and in a world filled with constant stress and competition we have no choice but to improve. Everyone hates it, but we have to compete or we end up out on the streets. (Bear 245) What better way to keep up with the competition than to mutate into a stronger species? If a creature is thrown into an environment it will adapt, if it doesnt, it will surely fail. Maybe Charles Darwin was on the right track when he created the theory of evolution, but the last (Or should I say the next?) piece of the puzzle has not yet been fitted in. All theories leave room for improvement and addition, and his is no exception to the rule. Works Cited Bear, Greg. Darwins Radio. New York: Ballantine Books, 1999.

Literary Criticism of Atonement from Psychological Trauma View

In seventeen century, â€Å"† was a Greek word which means â€Å"wound†. Later, Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries used it to describe a kind of mental damage that occurs as a result of distressing and disturbing events or experiences. When a person is facing such highly stressful events analyzing and coping with it is not an easy process. In this paper we consider the topic of psychological trauma in Atonement by Ian McEwan, defining first of all the concept and then studying its processes of formation and effects on the main character, Briony Tallis. According to Pearlman and Saakvitne, psychological trauma is an event which is a special experience of a person that needs to be confronted. As a matter of fact, â€Å"The individual's ability to integrate his/her emotional experience is overwhelmed, or the individual's experiences (subjectively) a threat to life, bodily integrity, or sanity† (p.60). Also, Jon Allen, a psychologist, in his A Guide to Self-Understanding (1995) said that: â€Å"It is the subjective experience of the objective events that constitutes the trauma†¦The more you believe you are endangered, the more traumatized you will be. [†¦] Psychologically, the bottom line of trauma is overwhelming emotion and a feeling of utter helplessness. There may or may not be bodily injury, but psychological trauma is coupled with physiological upheaval that plays a leading role in the long-range effects† (p.14). Psychologists categorized trauma into two groups: physical trauma based on serious physical damages or shocks to the body from war, physical injury, sexual abuse, illness, torture, rape, and genocide; emotional or psychological trauma is based on the inability to recover the full mental capacities of an individual, either in his personal or social life or any emotional shock or injury that cause a sentimental damage to spirit health. It can range from depression, anxiety, different kinds of phobias to post traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, trauma is among those things that happen in everyday life which a person can experience by itself or witness of serious injuries, violence even death, putting the individual into a terrible situation followed by fear, helplessness or horror. In fact, trauma is not the event itself but the effect that has on the person like, Brioney's belief about the event that happen in fountain. Atonement is a metafiction novel written by Ian Russell McEwan in 2001. Its events occurred in three different periods of time: firstly, in 1935 in England at Tallis family's building, secondly during World War II in England and France, thirdly nowadays in England. The story tells about a huge mistake that an upper-class girl committed as a teenager that led to destroy lives. This thirteen years' girl had a big imagination as a young writer. As an adult she always wanted to confess that event but this process did not happen until she completed her novel as an aged author, at last, in England. That mistake influenced on her life and also her style of writing until her novel ended with a kind of imaginary situation that gave her a chance to make up for her mistake. Ian McEwan was born in 1948 in England. His father was an alcohol addict and had spousal abuse toward his mother and the most interesting things about his life, is that Ian's mother suffered from vascular dementia, the same disease that Brioney Tallis – the heroine of Atonement – also suffered from. To start with the novel â€Å"Atonement†, events began with a kind of misunderstanding that occurred for Brioney. Her sister, Cecilia, came to fountain while Robbie, their servant's boy, was watching her almost bare body. Her sister looks ashamed and wear her clothes in front of him. Brioney was in her puberty age and didn't know about sexual relationship as well, so she thought that if he is watching Cecilia in that situation, there must be something wrong about his behavior. She could not cope with this event and her mind was busy with it during that day. On the other hand, somewhere Brioney was telling her memory about his love experience to her friend. We could realize that she loved Robbie as a child while she did not know about sexual relationship and her love was pure. She threw herself into a deep river to see Robbie's reaction and measure his feeling toward herself. It is almost clear that she was jealous of Cecilia and when she understands that Robbie tends to her sister, this makes her idea stronger about Robbie and his sexual problem. Brioney was under a pressure of event in the fountain which another event happened. Robbie gives Brioney a letter to render her sister which was containing sexual words about Cecilia's body. She reads that letter without permission before give it to her sister and it causes to be sure about her belief. She could not cope with it and talks about it with her cousin, Lola, they found Robbie as a sex maniac and decides to protect Cecilia against him. At night, Brioney saw Cecilia and Robbie in the library in the middle of their sexual affair that made a great shock for her. She thought that they committed a huge mistake that she never could realize it so her behavior against Robbie changed, became aggressive, and started to hate him. During dinner the family realized that the twin cousins are gone so all of them went to the woods to find them. In the woods, Brioney saw a rape against Lola under a flashlight in her hands. For the second time she experienced a huge shock in one night and these stressful and disturbing chain of events made her nervous and caused that she connected all of her experiences with each other without thinking and saw Robbie as a sex offender. It was obvious that Brioney did not experience a rape and were just a witness but this subject caused a great fear and shock for a teenager in her age of puberty so she could not have recognized and distinguished true situations. This psychological trauma was a reason which she could not able to think carefully about what she saw and her mind automatically omitted a part of her observation. She professed that Robbie was the person who act that rape and caused his detection. By continuing the novel, it become clear that as Brioney grows up, her mind is busy about past events and doubt her witness. She becomes a nurse during the war to reduces her sense of sin and when suddenly see a news about the engagement between Lola and Paul Marshal, who came to their house with her brother in the year that those events happened, her mind becomes active and she tries to remember the exact things which occurred those days. At last, after passing about five years from her fearful experience, she could recall her memories in peaceful situation and remembers the face of person who act rape, it was Paul Marshal. She wants to make up her mistake and withdraw her testimony but it was too late for Robbie and Cecilia because both died in the war so she uses her talent in writing a novel as a means of confessing. Brioney experienced a psychological trauma during her young ages of her life that made an irreparable mental damages for her whole life. Therefore by seeing the effects of psychological trauma in the all aspect of main character's life, can be concluded that trauma can puts serious effects on individual's mental and physical health that accompanies an individual for his/her entire life.Citation:McEwan, Ian. Atonement. Random House, 2005.Ellam, Julie. Ian McEwan's Atonement. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009.Pitt, Daniela. The representation of trauma in Ian McEwan's novels† Atonement† and† Saturday†. Diss. 2010.†What Is Psychological Trauma?† Sidran.org, www.sidran.org/resources/for-survivors-and-loved-ones/what-is-psychological-trauma/. â€Å"what is trauma?† https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/11559_Chapter_1.pdf†Emotional and Psychological Trauma.† Emotional and Psychological Trauma: Healing from Trauma and Moving On, www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/coping-with-emotional-and-psychological-trauma.htm.